PALI CHEAT SHEET:

PALI TRANSLATION CHEAT SHEET:

Declensions; singular and plural for all 8 cases:

Declens. Example	masc. -a *nara*	neut. -a phala	*fem. -ā vanitā*	fem. -i bhūmi	fem. -ī *nad*ī	fem. -u *dhenu*	masc. -i *aggi*
Nom. S.	-o	-aṃ	-ā	-i	-ī	-u	-i
Voc. S.	-a	-a	-e	-i	-ī	-u	-i
Acc. S.	-aṃ	-aṃ	-aṃ	-iṃ	-iṃ	-uṃ	-iṃ
Ins. S.	-ena	-ena	-āya	-iyā	-iyā	-uyā	-inā
Abs. S.	-ā (-amhā) (-asmā)	-ā (-amhā) (-asmā)	-āya	-iyā	-iyā	-uyā	-inā -imhā -ismā
Dat. S.	-āya -assa	-āya -assa	-āya	-iyā	-iyā	-uyā	-ino -issa
Gen. S.	-assa	-assa	-āya	-iyā	-iyā	-uyā	-ino -issa
Loc. S.	-e (-amhi) (-asmiṃ)	-e (-amhi) (-asmiṃ)	-āya -āyaṃ	-iyā (-iyaṃ)	-iyā (-iyaṃ)	-uyā -uyaṃ	-imhi -ismiṃ
Nom. P.	-ā	-āni (-ā)	-āyo (-ā)	-iyo -ī	-iyo -ī	-ū -uyo	-ī -ayo
Voc. P.	-ā	-āni	-āyo (-ā)	-iyo -ī	-iyo -ī	-ū -uyo	-ī -ayo
Acc. P.	-e	-āni (-e)	-āyo (-ā)	-iyo -ī	-iyo -ī	-ū -uyo	-ī -ayo
Ins. P.	-ehi (-ebhi)	-ehi (-ebhi)	-āhi (-ābhi)	-īhi (-ībhi)	-īhi (-ībhi)	-ūhi (-ūbhi)	-īhi (-ībhi)
Abs. P.	-ehi (-ebhi)	-ehi (-ebhi)	-āhi (-ābhi)	-īhi (-ībhi)	-īhi (-ībhi)	-ūhi (-ūbhi)	-īhi (-ībhi)
Dat. P.	-ānaṃ	-ānaṃ	-ānaṃ	-īnaṃ	-īnaṃ	-ūnaṃ	-īnaṃ
Gen. P.	-ānaṃ	-ānaṃ	-ānaṃ	-īnaṃ	-īnaṃ	-ūnaṃ	-īnaṃ
Loc. P.	-esu	-esu	-āsu	-īsu	-īsu	-ūsu	-īsu

Declens. Example	masc. -ī *pakkh*ī	neut. -i *atthi*	masc. -u *garu*	masc. -ū *vidū*	neut. -u *cakkhu*	masc. -ar *satthar*	fem. -ar mātar	*masc. or rarely* neut. -as**
Nom. S.	-ī	-i	-u	-ū	-u (-uṃ)	-ā	-ā	-o
Voc. S.	-ī	-i	-u	-ū	-u	-ā -a	-ā -a, -e
Acc. S.	-inaṃ -iṃ	-iṃ	-uṃ -u	-uṃ	-uṃ (-u)	-āraṃ	-araṃ	-o
Ins. S.	-inā	-inā	-unā	-unā	-unā	-ārā	-arā -uyā	-asā
Abs. S.	-inā -imhā -ismā	-inā	-unā (-umhā) (-usmā)	-unā (-umhā) (-usmā)	-unā (-umhā) (-usmā)	-ārā	-arā -uyā	-asā
Dat. S.	-ino -issa	-ino -issa	-uno -ussa	-uno (-ussa)	-uno -ussa	-u -uno -ussa	-u -uyā -āya	-aso
Gen. S.	-ino -issa	-ino -issa	-uno -ussa	-uno -ussa	-uno -ussa	-u -uno -ussa	-u -uyā -āya	-aso
Loc. S.	-ini -imhi -ismiṃ	-ini -imhi -ismiṃ	-umhi (-usmiṃ)	-usmiṃ (-umhi )	-usmiṃ (-umhi )	-ari	-ari -uyā -uyaṃ	-asi
Nom. P.	-ī -ino	-ī -īni	-ū -avo	-ū -uno	-ūni -ū	-āro	-aro	-ā (m or n) or –āni (n)
Voc. P.	-ī -ino	-ī -īni	-ū -ave -avo	-ū -uno	-ū -ūni	-āro	-aro
Acc. P.	-ī -ino	-ī -īni	-ū -avo	-ū -uno	-ūni -ū	-āro	-aro	-e (m or n) or –āni (n)
Ins. P.	-īhi (-ībhi)	-īhi (-ībhi)	-ūhi (-ūbhi)	-ūhi (-ūbhi)	-ūhi (-ūbhi)	-ārehi -ūhi	-arehi -ūhi	- ehi (-ebhi) (m or n)
Abs. P.	-īhi (-ībhi)	-īhi (-ībhi)	-ūhi (-ūbhi)	-ūhi (-ūbhi)	-ūhi (-ūbhi)	-ārehi -ūhi	-arehi -ūhi	- ehi (-ebhi) (m or n)
Dat. P.	-īnaṃ	-īnaṃ	-ūnaṃ	-ūnaṃ	-ūnaṃ	-ārānaṃ -ūnaṃ	-arānaṃ -ūnaṃ -ānaṃ	-ānaṃ
Gen. P.	-īnaṃ	-īnaṃ	-ūnaṃ	-ūnaṃ	-ūnaṃ	-ārānaṃ -ūnaṃ	-arānaṃ -ūnaṃ -ānaṃ	-ānaṃ
Loc. P.	-īsu	-īsu	-ūsu	-ūsu	-ūsu	-āresu -ūsu	-aresu -ūsu	-esu

Personal Pronouns:

Personal Pronouns:	1st person	2nd person	3rd person M.	3rd person F.
Nom singular	ahaṃ	tvaṃ	so (sa sometimes)	sā
Acc singular	maṃ	taṃ (or tvaṃ)	taṃ	taṃ
Inst singular	mayā and me(enc)	tayā and te(enc)	tena	tāya
Gen singular	mama and me(enc) sometimes mayhaṃ	tava and te (enc)	tassa	tassā
Dat singular	mama(.m) or me sometimes mayhaṃ	tava or te	tassa	tassā
Abl singular	mayā	tayā	tasmā or tasmhā	tāya
Loc singular	mayi	tayi	tasmā or tasmhā	tāya(.m) or tassaṃ

Nom plural	mayaṃ	tumhe	te	tā
Acc plural	amhe (or no)	tumhe (or vo)	te	tā
Instr plural	amhehi (no)	tumhehi (vo)	tehi	tāhi
Gen plural	amhākaṃ (no)	tumhākaṃ (vo)	tesaṃ	tāsaṃ
Dat plural	amhākaṃ (no)	tumhākaṃ (vo)	tesaṃ	tāsaṃ
Abl plural	amhehi	tumhehi	tehi	tāhi
Loc plural	amhesu	tumhesu	tesu	tāsu

Demonstrative Pronouns: stem ta(d): the, this, that, those, the

Demonstrative Pronouns:	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom singular	so (sa sometimes)	sā	taṃ or tad
Acc singular	taṃ	taṃ	taṃ or tad
Inst singular	tena	tāya	tena
Gen singular	tassa	tassā	tassa
Dat singular	tassa	tassā	tassa
Abl singular	tasmā or tamhā	tāya	tasmā or tamhā
Loc singular	tasmiṃ or tamhi	tāya(.m) or tassaṃ	tasmiṃ or tamhi

Nom plural	te	tā	tāni
Acc plural	te	tā	tāni
Inst plural	tehi	tāhi
Gen plural	tesaṃ	tāsaṃ	tesaṃ
Dat plural	tesaṃ	tāsaṃ	tesaṃ
Abl plural	tehi	tāhi	tehi
Loc plural	tesu	tāsu	tesu

Demonstrative Pronouns: stem: eta(d): he, she, it, this, that, the used to denote a PRESENT person or object

same as above BUT with 'e' prefix on all forms. ex: eso, esā, etaṃ, etc.

Demonstrative Pronouns: stem: idaṃ: he, she, it , this, the. If differentiated from etad, then idaṃ is nearer.

Thus: ‘this’ as opposed to ‘that.’

Demonstrative Pronouns:	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom singular	ayaṃ	ayaṃ	idaṃ
Acc singular	imaṃ	imaṃ	idaṃ
Instr singular	iminā	imāya	iminā
Gen singular	assa or imassa	assā or imassā	assa or imassa
Dat singular	assa or imassa	assā or imassā	assa or imassa
Abl singular	imamhā or imasmā	imāya	imamhā or imasmā
Loc singular	asmiṃ or imasmiṃ	imāya(.m)	asmiṃ or imasmiṃ

Nom plural	ime	imā	imāni
Acc plural	ime	imā	imāni
Instr plural	imehi	imāhi	imehi
Gen plural	imesaṃ	imāsaṃ	imesaṃ
Dat plural	imesaṃ	imāsaṃ	imesaṃ
Abl plural	imehi	imāhi	imehi
Loc plural	imesu	imāsu	imesu

Interrogative Pronouns:	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom singular	ko	kā	kiṃ
Acc singular	kaṃ	kaṃ	kiṃ
Instr singular	kena	kāyā	kena
Gen singular	kassa or kissa	kassā	kassa or kissa
Dat singular	kassa	kassā	kassa
Abl singular	kasmā or kasmhā	kāya	kasmā or kasmhā
Loc singular	kismiṃ or kimhi	kāya(.m) or kassaṃ	kismiṃ or kimhi

Nom plural	ke	kā	kāni
Acc plural	ke	kā	kāni
Instr plural	kehi	kāhi	kehi
Gen plural	kesaṃ	kāsaṃ	kesaṃ
Dat plural	kesaṃ	kāsaṃ	kesaṃ
Abl plural	kehi	kāhi	kehi
Loc plural	kesu	kāsu	kesu

Relative Pronouns:	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom singular	yo	yā	yam or yad
Acc singular	yaṃ	yaṃ	yaṃ or yad
Instr singular	yena	yāyā	yena
Gen singular	yassa	yassā	yassa
Dat singular	yassa	yassā	yassa
Abl singular	yasmā or yasmhā	yāya	yasmā or yasmhā
Loc singular	yasmiṃ or yamhi	yāya(.m) or yassaṃ	yasmiṃ or yamhi

Nom plural	ye	yā	yāni
Acc plural	ye	yā	yāni
Instr plural	yehi	yāhi	yehi
Gen plural	yesaṃ	yāsaṃ	yesaṃ
Dat plural	yesaṃ	yāsaṃ	yesaṃ
Abl plural	yehi	yāhi	yehi
Loc plural	yesu	yāsu	yesu

Demonstrative pronoun “amu”: he, she, it, that--Warder p. 231

Reflexive and possesive pronouns:

Attan: Attan has its own conjugation (Warder p. 184).

Sayaṃ and sāmaṃ: Sayaṃ and sāmaṃ are indeclinables meaning “oneself.”

Saka: Saka is conjugated as adjective in agreement with the thing that is possessed, not the possessor.

Sa: Sa is conjugated as a pronominal adjective and is used like saka as well as in some compounds.

Numerals:

eka= "One" or "some" plural	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom singular	eko	ekā	ekaṃ
Acc singular	ekaṃ	ekaṃ	ekaṃ
Instr singular	ekena	ekāyā	ekena
Gen singular	ekassa	ekissā	ekassa
Dat singular	ekassa	ekissā	ekassa
Abl singular	ekasmā or ekamhā	ekāya	ekasmā or ekamhā
Loc singular	ekasmiṃ or ekamhi	ekissā	ekasmiṃ or ekamhi

Nom plural	eke	ekā	ekāni
Acc plural	eke	ekā	ekāni
Instr plural	ekehi	ekāhi	ekehi
Gen plural	ekesaṃ	ekāsaṃ	ekesaṃ
Dat plural	ekesaṃ	ekāsaṃ	ekesaṃ
Abl plural	ekehi	ekāhi	ekehi
Loc plural	ekesu	ekāsu	ekesu

Used as adjectives Same for all genders	stem dvi "two"	stem pañca "five"
Nom and Acc	dve	pañca
Ins	dvīhi	pañcahi
Gen	dvinnaṃ	pañcannaṃ
Dat	dvinnaṃ	pañcannaṃ
Abl	dvīhi	pañcahi
Loc	dvīsu	pañcasu

ti= "three"	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nom singular	tayo	tisso	tīṇi
Acc singular	tayo	tisso	tīṇi
Instr singular	tīhi	tīhi	tīhi
Gen singular	tiṇṇaṃ	tissannaṃ	tiṇṇaṃ
Dat singular	tiṇṇaṃ	tissannaṃ	tiṇṇaṃ
Abl singular	tīhi	tīhi	tīhi
Loc singular	tīsu	tīsu	tīsu

Catu(r)= “four”	Masculine	Neuter	Feminine
Nom and Acc	cattāro	cattāri	catasso
Instr and Abl	catūhi
Gen and Dat	catunnaṃ
Loc	catūsu

The following numerals are used as adjectives and conjugated like pañca (five):

cha(.l): six

satta: seven

aṭṭha: eight

nava: nine

dasa: ten

ekādasa: eleven

dvādasa: twelve

teḷasa: thirteen

cuddasa: fourteen

paṇṇarasa: fifteen

soḷasa: sixteen

sattarasa: seventeen

aṭṭhādasa: eighteen

The following numerals are used as nouns, are feminine singular and inflected like jāti:

vīsati:twenty

saṭṭhi: sixty

sattati: seventy

asīti: eighty

navuti: ninety

The following numerals are declined like neuter nouns in "a," are set in apposition with other nouns, and thus agree in case and but not gender and can be either singular or plural.

(t)tiṃsa: thirty

cattārīsa: forty

paññāsa: fifty

sataṃ: "hundred"

sahassaṃ: "thousand"

The following numbers are called "Ordinal Numbers" and mean "first" "second" "third" etc. They are declined like adjectives in "a".:

paṭhama: first

dutiya: second

tatiya: third

Catuttha: fourth

Pañcama: fifth

chaṭṭha: sixth

Verb Forms:

Tense	3rd Person Sing.	2nd Person Sing.	1st Person Sing.	3rd Person Plural	2nd Person Plural	1st Person Plural
Indi. Act. (Present) I/III -a	-ati	-asi	-āmi	-anti	-atha	-āma
V -ā	-āti	-āsi	-āmi	-anti	-ātha	-āma
VII/casu -e	-eti -ayati	-esi -ayasi	-emi -ayāmi	-enti -ayanti	-etha -ayatha	-ema -ayāma
VI -O	-oti	-osi	-omi	-onti	-otha	-oma
II	-ñjati	-ñjasi	-ñjāmi	ñjanti	ñjatha	ñjāma
IV	-ṇoti	-ṇosi	-ṇomi	never	-ṇotha	-ṇoma
Future	-(i)ssati	-(i)ssasi	-(i)ssāmi	-(i)ssanti	-(i)ssatha	-(i)ssāma
Optative	-eyya	-eyyāsi	-eyyām(i)	-eyyuṃ	-eyyātha	-eyyāma
Imper -a	-atu	-a -ahi	-āmi	-antu	-atha	-āma
-e	-etu	-e -ehi	-emi	-entu	-etha	-ema
Aor main- (past) a	-i	-i	-iṃ	-iṃsu	-amittha	-amimhā or -amimha
Aor - VII-e	-esi,	-esi	-esiṃ	-esuṃ	-ittha	-iṃha
Aor Less common (past)	-āsi,	-āsi	-āsiṃ,	-aṃsu	-attha	-amhā
Ind. Passive conjugation	-(ī)yati	-(ī)yasi	-(ī)yāmi	-(ī)yanti	-(ī)yatha	-(ī)yatama

Verb Form	Invariable
Gerund	-(i)tvā (or) (t)ya (or) tvāna (or) tūna
Infinitive	-(i)tuṃ

Verb Form	Masculine, Neuter	Feminine
Present Participle -a	-anta -amāna	-antī -amānā
-e	-enta -ayamāna	-entī -ayamānā
Past Participle -a	-(i)ta	-(i)tā
Future Passive Participle	-(i)tabba -(anī)ya	-(i)tabbā -(anī)yā

Present Participle: irregular –ant conjugation (p. 169 Warder)

Perfect Tense:

Very rare. Only common with the verb “ah.”

3^rd sg = āha

3^rd pl = āhaṃsu

Action Nouns:

These end with -ana and sometimes take a patient in the accusative or genitive case. They may also take an agent in the genitive or instrumental.

Conjunctive Indeclinables:

Conjunctive:

Ca (enclitic): and

Pi (enclitic): also, too

Atha (initial): then

Distunctive:

Vā (enclitic) or, either

Udāhu (initial) or?

Adversative:

Pana (enclitic): but, however

Causal:

Hi (enclitic): for, because

Tasmā: therefore

Tad, taṃ: then, so

Emphatic:

Kho (enclitic): indeed

Khalu (enclitic): indeed

Ha: indeed

Hypothetical:

Ce (enclitic): if

Sace (initial): if

Interrogative:

Nu (enclitic): ?

Nanu: isn’t it?

Udāhi: or?

Comparisons:

Usually suffixed with “tara” and includes both comparative and superlative. Two other suffixes exist. “(ī)(y)ya” is usually comparative and “iṭṭha” is usually superlative. They are inflected as adjectives in “a.”

Abstract Nouns:

Add suffixes:

-tā (feminine)

-tta(.m)

Double abstracts sometimes occur.

Noun Prefixes:

a- or an- = negative

su- = well or good

du(r)- = ill or bad

Other negative prefixes: ni(r)-, vi-, apagata- (go away), vigata-(be expended), vita-, are used to express either mere negation or departure and loss.

Some negative words are prefixed with negative prefixes to create double negatives or strong affirmations.

Agent Nouns:

Nouns ending with “-(i)tar” expressing the “doing” of a verb. Verb root “Bhās” = “to speak” becomes “bhāsitar” = “speaker” conjugation p. 210 Warder. Also family member titles frequently end with “tar.” Ex. “pitar” , “bhātar” and “mātar.”

Ubho: “both” declined as on p. 274 Warder

Compounds: Please see my compound cheat sheet at my website for extensive information about compounds.

Instr singular

Instr singular

Instr singular

Instr singular

Instr singular

Instr and Abl

Invariable

Gerund

Verb Form

Masculine, Neuter

Feminine