PALI TRANSLATION CHEAT SHEET:
Declensions;
singular and plural for all 8 cases:
Declens. Example |
masc. -a nara |
neut. -a phala |
fem. -aa vanitaa |
fem. -i bhuumi |
fem. -ii nadii |
fem. -u dhenu |
masc. -i aggi |
Nom. S. |
-o |
-a.m |
-aa |
-i |
-ii |
-u |
-i |
Voc. S. |
-a |
-a |
-e |
-i |
-ii |
-u |
-i |
Acc. S. |
-a.m |
-a.m |
-a.m |
-i.m |
-i.m |
-u.m |
-i.m |
Ins. S. |
-ena |
-ena |
-aaya |
-iyaa |
-iyaa |
-uyaa |
-inaa |
Abs. S. |
-aa (-amhaa) (-asmaa) |
-aa (-amhaa) (-asmaa) |
-aaya |
-iyaa |
-iyaa |
-uyaa |
-inaa -imhaa -ismaa |
Dat. S. |
-aaya -assa |
-aaya -assa |
-aaya |
-iyaa |
-iyaa |
-uyaa |
-ino -issa |
Gen. S. |
-assa |
-assa |
-aaya |
-iyaa |
-iyaa |
-uyaa |
-ino -issa |
Loc. S. |
-e (-amhi) (-asmi.m) |
-e (-amhi) (-asmi.m) |
-aaya -aaya.m |
-iyaa (-iya.m) |
-iyaa (-iya.m) |
-uyaa -uya.m |
-imhi -ismi.m |
Nom. P. |
-aa |
-aani (-aa) |
-aayo (-aa) |
-iyo -ii |
-iyo -ii |
-uu -uyo |
-ii -ayo |
Voc. P. |
-aa |
-aani |
-aayo (-aa) |
-iyo -ii |
-iyo -ii |
-uu -uyo |
-ii -ayo |
Acc. P. |
-e |
-aani (-e) |
-aayo (-aa) |
-iyo -ii |
-iyo -ii |
-uu -uyo |
-ii -ayo |
Ins. P. |
-ehi (-ebhi) |
-ehi (-ebhi) |
-aahi (-aabhi) |
-iihi (-iibhi) |
-iihi (-iibhi) |
-uuhi (-uubhi) |
-iihi (-iibhi) |
Abs. P. |
-ehi (-ebhi) |
-ehi (-ebhi) |
-aahi (-aabhi) |
-iihi (-iibhi) |
-iihi (-iibhi) |
-uuhi (-uubhi) |
-iihi (-iibhi) |
Dat. P. |
-aana.m |
-aana.m |
-aana.m |
-iina.m |
-iina.m |
-uuna.m |
-iina.m |
Gen. P. |
-aana.m |
-aana.m |
-aana.m |
-iina.m |
-iina.m |
-uuna.m |
-iina.m |
Loc. P. |
-esu |
-esu |
-aasu |
-iisu |
-iisu |
-uusu |
-iisu |
Declens. Example |
masc. -ii pakkhii |
neut. -i atthi |
masc. -u garu |
masc. -uu viduu |
neut. -u cakkhu |
masc. -ar satthar |
fem. -ar maatar |
masc. or rarely
neut. -as |
Nom. S. |
-ii |
-i |
-u |
-uu |
-u (-u.m) |
-aa |
-aa |
-o |
Voc. S. |
-ii |
-i |
-u |
-uu |
-u |
-aa -a |
-aa -a, -e |
|
Acc. S. |
-ina.m -i.m |
-i.m |
-u.m -u |
-u.m |
-u.m (-u) |
-aara.m |
-ara.m |
-o |
Ins. S. |
-inaa |
-inaa |
-unaa |
-unaa |
-unaa |
-aaraa |
-araa -uyaa |
-asaa |
Abs. S. |
-inaa -imhaa -ismaa |
-inaa |
-unaa (-umhaa) (-usmaa) |
-unaa (-umhaa) (-usmaa) |
-unaa (-umhaa) (-usmaa) |
-aaraa |
-araa -uyaa |
-asaa |
Dat. S. |
-ino -issa |
-ino -issa |
-uno -ussa |
-uno (-ussa) |
-uno -ussa |
-u -uno -ussa |
-u -uyaa -aaya |
-aso |
Gen. S. |
-ino -issa |
-ino -issa |
-uno -ussa |
-uno -ussa |
-uno -ussa |
-u -uno -ussa |
-u -uyaa -aaya |
-aso |
Loc. S. |
-ini -imhi -ismi.m |
-ini -imhi -ismi.m |
-umhi (-usmi.m) |
-usmi.m (-umhi ) |
-usmi.m (-umhi ) |
-ari |
-ari -uyaa -uya.m |
-asi |
Nom. P. |
-ii -ino |
-ii -iini |
-uu -avo |
-uu -uno |
-uuni -uu |
-aaro |
-aro |
-aa (m or n) or –aani (n) |
Voc. P. |
-ii -ino |
-ii -iini |
-uu -ave -avo |
-uu -uno |
-uu -uuni |
-aaro |
-aro |
|
Acc. P. |
-ii -ino |
-ii -iini |
-uu -avo |
-uu -uno |
-uuni -uu |
-aaro |
-aro |
-e (m or n) or –aani (n) |
Ins. P. |
-iihi (-iibhi) |
-iihi (-iibhi) |
-uuhi (-uubhi) |
-uuhi (-uubhi) |
-uuhi (-uubhi) |
-aarehi -uuhi |
-arehi -uuhi |
- ehi (-ebhi) (m or n) |
Abs. P. |
-iihi (-iibhi) |
-iihi (-iibhi) |
-uuhi (-uubhi) |
-uuhi (-uubhi) |
-uuhi (-uubhi) |
-aarehi -uuhi |
-arehi -uuhi |
- ehi (-ebhi) (m or n) |
Dat. P. |
-iina.m |
-iina.m |
-uuna.m |
-uuna.m |
-uuna.m |
-aaraana.m -uuna.m |
-araana.m -uuna.m -aana.m |
-aana.m |
Gen. P. |
-iina.m |
-iina.m |
-uuna.m |
-uuna.m |
-uuna.m |
-aaraana.m -uuna.m |
-araana.m -uuna.m -aana.m |
-aana.m |
Loc. P. |
-iisu |
-iisu |
-uusu |
-uusu |
-uusu |
-aaresu -uusu |
-aresu -uusu |
-esu |
Personal Pronouns:
Personal Pronouns: |
1st person |
2nd person |
3rd person M. |
3rd person F. |
Nom singular |
aha.m |
tva.m |
so (sa sometimes) |
saa |
Acc singular |
ma.m |
ta.m (or tva.m) |
ta.m |
ta.m |
Inst singular |
mayaa and me(enc) |
tayaa and te(enc) |
tena |
taaya |
Gen singular |
mama and me(enc) sometimes mayha.m |
tava and te (enc) |
tassa |
tassaa |
Dat singular |
mama(.m) or me sometimes mayha.m |
tava or te |
tassa |
tassaa |
Abl singular |
mayaa |
tayaa |
tasmaa or tasmhaa |
taaya |
Loc singular |
mayi |
tayi |
tasmaa or tasmhaa |
taaya(.m) or tassa.m |
|
|
|
|
|
Nom plural |
maya.m |
tumhe |
te |
taa |
Acc plural |
amhe (or no) |
tumhe (or vo) |
te |
taa |
Instr plural |
amhehi (no) |
tumhehi (vo) |
tehi |
taahi |
Gen plural |
amhaaka.m (no) |
tumhaaka.m (vo) |
tesa.m |
taasa.m |
Dat plural |
amhaaka.m (no) |
tumhaaka.m (vo) |
tesa.m |
taasa.m |
Abl plural |
amhehi |
tumhehi |
tehi |
taahi |
Loc plural |
amhesu |
tumhesu |
tesu |
taasu |
Demonstrative Pronouns:
stem ta(d): the, this, that, those, the
Demonstrative Pronouns: |
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
Nom singular |
so (sa sometimes) |
saa |
ta.m or tad |
Acc singular |
ta.m |
ta.m |
ta.m or tad |
Inst singular |
tena |
taaya |
tena |
Gen singular |
tassa |
tassaa |
tassa |
Dat singular |
tassa |
tassaa |
tassa |
Abl singular |
tasmaa or tamhaa |
taaya |
tasmaa or tamhaa |
Loc singular |
tasmi.m or tamhi |
taaya(.m) or tassa.m |
tasmi.m or tamhi |
|
|
|
|
Nom plural |
te |
taa |
taani |
Acc plural |
te |
taa |
taani |
Inst plural |
tehi |
taahi |
|
Gen plural |
tesa.m |
taasa.m |
tesa.m |
Dat plural |
tesa.m |
taasa.m |
tesa.m |
Abl plural |
tehi |
taahi |
tehi |
Loc plural |
tesu |
taasu |
tesu |
Demonstrative Pronouns:
stem: eta(d): he, she, it, this, that, the used to denote a PRESENT person or
object
same as above BUT with 'e'
prefix on all forms. ex: eso, esaa, eta.m, etc.
Demonstrative Pronouns:
stem: ida.m: he, she, it , this, the.
If differentiated from etad, then ida.m is nearer.
Thus: ‘this’ as opposed
to ‘that.’
Demonstrative Pronouns: |
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
Nom singular |
aya.m |
aya.m |
ida.m |
Acc singular |
ima.m |
ima.m |
ida.m |
Instr singular |
iminaa |
imaaya |
iminaa |
Gen singular |
assa or imassa |
assaa or imassaa |
assa or imassa |
Dat singular |
assa or imassa |
assaa or imassaa |
assa or imassa |
Abl singular |
imamhaa or imasmaa |
imaaya |
imamhaa or imasmaa |
Loc singular |
asmi.m or imasmi.m |
imaaya(.m) |
asmi.m or imasmi.m |
|
|
|
|
Nom plural |
ime |
imaa |
imaani |
Acc plural |
ime |
imaa |
imaani |
Instr plural |
imehi |
imaahi |
imehi |
Gen plural |
imesa.m |
imaasa.m |
imesa.m |
Dat plural |
imesa.m |
imaasa.m |
imesa.m |
Abl plural |
imehi |
imaahi |
imehi |
Loc plural |
imesu |
imaasu |
imesu |
Interrogative Pronouns: |
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
Nom singular |
ko |
kaa |
ki.m |
Acc singular |
ka.m |
ka.m |
ki.m |
Instr singular |
kena |
kaayaa |
kena |
Gen singular |
kassa or kissa |
kassaa |
kassa or kissa |
Dat singular |
kassa |
kassaa |
kassa |
Abl singular |
kasmaa or kasmhaa |
kaaya |
kasmaa or kasmhaa |
Loc singular |
kismi.m or kimhi |
kaaya(.m) or kassa.m |
kismi.m or kimhi |
|
|
|
|
Nom plural |
ke |
kaa |
kaani |
Acc plural |
ke |
kaa |
kaani |
Instr plural |
kehi |
kaahi |
kehi |
Gen plural |
kesa.m |
kaasa.m |
kesa.m |
Dat plural |
kesa.m |
kaasa.m |
kesa.m |
Abl plural |
kehi |
kaahi |
kehi |
Loc plural |
kesu |
kaasu |
kesu |
Relative Pronouns: |
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
Nom singular |
yo |
yaa |
yam or yad |
Acc singular |
ya.m |
ya.m |
ya.m or yad |
Instr singular |
yena |
yaayaa |
yena |
Gen singular |
yassa |
yassaa |
yassa |
Dat singular |
yassa |
yassaa |
yassa |
Abl singular |
yasmaa or yasmhaa |
yaaya |
yasmaa or yasmhaa |
Loc singular |
yasmi.m or yamhi |
yaaya(.m) or yassa.m |
yasmi.m or yamhi |
|
|
|
|
Nom plural |
ye |
yaa |
yaani |
Acc plural |
ye |
yaa |
yaani |
Instr plural |
yehi |
yaahi |
yehi |
Gen plural |
yesa.m |
yaasa.m |
yesa.m |
Dat plural |
yesa.m |
yaasa.m |
yesa.m |
Abl plural |
yehi |
yaahi |
yehi |
Loc plural |
yesu |
yaasu |
yesu |
Demonstrative pronoun
“amu”: he, she, it, that--Warder p. 231
Reflexive and possesive
pronouns:
Attan: Attan has its own conjugation (Warder p. 184).
Saya.m and saama.m: Saya.m and saama.m are indeclinables meaning “oneself.”
Saka: Saka is conjugated as adjective in agreement with the thing that is possessed, not the possessor.
Sa: Sa is conjugated as a pronominal adjective and is used like saka as well as in some compounds.
Numerals:
eka= "One" or "some" plural |
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
Nom singular |
eko |
ekaa |
eka.m |
Acc singular |
eka.m |
eka.m |
eka.m |
Instr singular |
ekena |
ekaayaa |
ekena |
Gen singular |
ekassa |
ekissaa |
ekassa |
Dat singular |
ekassa |
ekissaa |
ekassa |
Abl singular |
ekasmaa or ekamhaa |
ekaaya |
ekasmaa or ekamhaa |
Loc singular |
ekasmi.m or ekamhi |
ekissaa |
ekasmi.m or ekamhi |
|
|
|
|
Nom plural |
eke |
ekaa |
ekaani |
Acc plural |
eke |
ekaa |
ekaani |
Instr plural |
ekehi |
ekaahi |
ekehi |
Gen plural |
ekesa.m |
ekaasa.m |
ekesa.m |
Dat plural |
ekesa.m |
ekaasa.m |
ekesa.m |
Abl plural |
ekehi |
ekaahi |
ekehi |
Loc plural |
ekesu |
ekaasu |
ekesu |
Used as adjectives |
stem dvi "two" |
stem pa~nca "five" |
Nom and Acc |
dve |
pa~nca |
Ins |
dviihi |
pa~ncahi |
Gen |
dvinna.m |
pa~ncanna.m |
Dat |
dvinna.m |
pa~ncanna.m |
Abl |
dviihi |
pa~ncahi |
Loc |
dviisu |
pa~ncasu |
ti= "three" |
Masculine |
Feminine |
Neuter |
Nom singular |
tayo |
tisso |
tii.ni |
Acc singular |
tayo |
tisso |
tii.ni |
Instr singular |
tiihi |
tiihi |
tiihi |
Gen singular |
ti.n.na.m |
tissanna.m |
ti.n.na.m |
Dat singular |
ti.n.na.m |
tissanna.m |
ti.n.na.m |
Abl singular |
tiihi |
tiihi |
tiihi |
Loc singular |
tiisu |
tiisu |
tiisu |
Catu(r)= “four” |
Masculine |
Neuter |
Feminine |
Nom and Acc |
cattaaro |
cattaari |
catasso |
Instr and Abl |
catuuhi |
||
Gen and Dat |
catunna.m |
||
Loc |
catuusu |
The following numerals are
used as adjectives and conjugated like pa~nca (five):
cha(.l): six
satta: seven
a.t.tha: eight
nava: nine
dasa: ten
ekaadasa: eleven
dvaadasa: twelve
te.lasa: thirteen
cuddasa: fourteen
pa.n.narasa: fifteen
so.lasa: sixteen
sattarasa: seventeen
a.t.thaadasa: eighteen
The following numerals
are used as nouns, are feminine singular and inflected like jaati:
viisati:twenty
sa.t.thi: sixty
sattati: seventy
asiiti: eighty
navuti: ninety
The following numerals
are declined like neuter nouns in "a," are set in apposition with
other nouns, and thus agree in case and but not gender and can be either
singular or plural.
(t)ti.msa: thirty
cattaariisa: forty
pa~n~naasa: fifty
sata.m:
"hundred"
sahassa.m:
"thousand"
The following numbers are
called "Ordinal Numbers" and mean "first"
"second" "third" etc. They are declined like adjectives in
"a".:
pa.thama: first
dutiya: second
tatiya: third
Catuttha: fourth
Pa~ncama: fifth
cha.t.tha: sixth
Verb Forms:
Tense |
3rd Person Sing. |
2nd Person Sing. |
1st Person Sing. |
3rd Person Plural |
2nd Person Plural |
1st Person Plural |
Indi. Act. (Present) I/III -a |
-ati |
-asi |
-aami |
-anti |
-atha |
-aama |
V
-aa |
-aati |
-aasi |
-aami |
-anti |
-aatha |
-aama |
VII/casu -e |
-eti -ayati |
-esi -ayasi |
-emi -ayaami |
-enti -ayanti |
-etha -ayatha |
-ema -ayaama |
VI
-O |
-oti |
-osi |
-omi |
-onti |
-otha |
-oma |
II |
-~njati |
-~njasi |
-~njaami |
~njanti |
~njatha |
~njaama |
IV |
-.noti |
-.nosi |
-.nomi |
never |
-.notha |
-.noma |
Future |
-(i)ssati |
-(i)ssasi |
-(i)ssaami |
-(i)ssanti |
-(i)ssatha |
-(i)ssaama |
Optative |
-eyya |
-eyyaasi |
-eyyaam(i) |
-eyyu.m |
-eyyaatha |
-eyyaama |
Imper -a |
-atu |
-a -ahi |
-aami |
-antu |
-atha |
-aama |
-e |
-etu |
-e -ehi |
-emi |
-entu |
-etha |
-ema |
Aor main- (past) a |
-i |
-i |
-i.m |
-i.msu |
-amittha |
-amimhaa or -amimha |
Aor - VII-e |
-esi, |
-esi |
-esi.m |
-esu.m |
-ittha |
-i.mha |
Aor Less common (past) |
-aasi, |
-aasi |
-aasi.m, |
-a.msu |
-attha |
-amhaa |
Ind. Passive
conjugation |
-(ii)yati |
-(ii)yasi |
-(ii)yaami |
-(ii)yanti |
-(ii)yatha |
-(ii)yatama |
Verb Form |
Invariable |
Gerund |
-(i)tvaa (or) (t)ya |
Infinitive |
-(i)tu.m |
Verb Form |
Masculine, Neuter |
Feminine |
Present Participle -a |
-anta -amaana |
-antii -amaanaa |
-e |
-enta -ayamaana |
-entii -ayamaanaa |
Past Participle -a |
-(i)ta |
-(i)taa |
Future Passive
Participle |
-(i)tabba -(anii)ya |
-(i)tabbaa -(anii)yaa |
Present Participle: irregular –ant conjugation (p. 169 Warder)
Perfect Tense:
Very rare. Only common with the verb “ah.”
3rd sg = aaha
3rd pl =
aaha.msu
Action Nouns:
These end with -ana and sometimes take a patient in the accusative or genitive case. They may also take an agent in the genitive or instrumental.
Conjunctive
Indeclinables:
Conjunctive: Ca (enclitic): and Pi (enclitic): also, too Atha (initial): then Distunctive: Vaa (enclitic) or, either Udaahu (initial) or? Adversative: Pana (enclitic): but,
however Causal: Hi (enclitic): for,
because Tasmaa: therefore Tad, ta.m: then, so |
Emphatic: Kho (enclitic): indeed Khalu (enclitic): indeed Ha: indeed Hypothetical: Ce (enclitic): if Sace (initial): if Interrogative: Nu (enclitic): ? Nanu: isn’t it? Udaahi: or? |
Comparisons:
Usually suffixed with
“tara” and includes both comparative and superlative. Two other suffixes exist.
“(ii)(y)ya” is usually comparative and “i.t.tha” is usually superlative. They are inflected as adjectives in “a.”
Abstract Nouns:
Add suffixes:
-taa (feminine)
-tta(.m)
Double abstracts sometimes
occur.
Noun Prefixes:
a- or an- = negative
su- = well or good
du(r)- = ill or bad
Other negative prefixes:
ni(r)-, vi-, apagata- (go away), vigata-(be expended), vita-, are used to
express either mere negation or departure and loss.
Some negative words are
prefixed with negative prefixes to create double negatives or strong
affirmations.
Agent Nouns:
Nouns ending with “-(i)tar”
expressing the “doing” of a verb. Verb
root “Bhaas” = “to speak” becomes
“bhaasitar” = “speaker” conjugation p. 210 Warder. Also family member titles frequently end with “tar.” Ex. “pitar”
, “bhaatar” and “maatar.”
Ubho: “both” declined as on
p. 274 Warder
Compounds: Please
see my compound cheat sheet at my website for extensive information about
compounds.